You might assume Nvidia invented the fuel for their own engine. **The answer is actually AMD.** In 2013, AMD and SK Hynix invented HBM for the "R9 Fury" gaming card. It was a flop. Too expensive for gamers. Overkill for 2013 graphics. A failed gaming component sat on the shelf for a decade until AI models became large enough to desperately need its bandwidth. SK Hynix didn't predict the future. They just survived long enough for the future to need their failure.